Yes, you can create new prices built with custom attributes. For example, you can use a custom attribute to combine certain prices or apply mathematical formulas to existing prices to calculate new prices.
Note: if you are planning to simply set a markup on your price, you should do this via the surcharges module. Do you want to offer tiered discounts? Then you can do this via the tiered pricing module.
When are new prices based on a custom attribute useful?
When, for example, you want to calculate a price based on a selling price + an attribute that contains the shipping costs. Or when you have already created a custom attribute that calculates shipping costs based on weight, you can later combine that attribute with the existing selling price to calculate a new price that includes shipping costs.
To know more about custom attributes, read this article.